Ceramics
Alumina ceramic ni ubwoko bwimyambarire idashobora kwambara, irwanya ruswa kandi ifite imbaraga nyinshi cyane ceramic.Birakoreshwa cyane kandi kugeza ubu nicyiciro gikoreshwa cyane mubyumba byubushyuhe bwo hejuru. Kugirango habeho umusaruro mwinshi kandi wujuje ibisabwa kugirango ugaragare kubicuruzwa bisanzwe, ingano yo gusya hamwe no gusya byoroshye, birakenewe cyane guhitamo uburyo bwo gukora bwo gukanda byumye.Gushushanya guhonyora bisaba ko ubusa ari ifu ifite urwego runaka, hamwe nubushyuhe buke hamwe na binder. Gusasira kumisha granulation byahindutse uburyo bwibanze bwo gukora ibumba ryububiko nubutaka bushya. Ifu yateguwe niki gikorwa ifite amazi meza, umubare munini wibice binini kandi bito, hamwe nubucucike bwinshi. Kubwibyo rero, kumisha spray nuburyo bwiza cyane bwo gutegura ifu yumye.
Kuma kumisha ni uburyo ibikoresho byamazi (harimo na slurry) byahinduwe hanyuma bigahinduka ibikoresho byifu yumye muburyo bwumye. Ibikoresho byahinduwe muburyo bwiza cyane bwa fogdrops, kubera igihu ni cyiza cyane kandi igipimo cyubuso bwubuso nubunini ni kinini cyane, ubuhehere bugenda bwuka vuba, kandi inzira yo kumisha no guhunika irangira mukanya. Ingano yubunini, ibirimo ubuhehere nubucucike bwibikoresho birashobora kugenzurwa muguhindura ibipimo byumye. Ifu ya spherical ifite ubuziranenge bumwe kandi isubirwamo neza irashobora kubyara hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga ryo kumisha spray, bityo bigabanya uburyo bwo gukora ifu, koroshya umusaruro wikora kandi uhoraho, kandi bikaba uburyo bwiza bwo gutegura nini nini yo gutegura ibikoresho byiza bya alumina ceramic yumye.
2.1.1 Gutegura ubunebwe
Uruganda rwa mbere rwinganda alumina rufite ubwiza bwa 99% rwongewemo hamwe na 5% yinyongeramusaruro kugirango hategurwe ibikoresho bya farisari 95%, kandi gusya imipira bikorwa ukurikije igipimo cyibikoresho: umupira: amazi = 1: 2: 1, hamwe na binder, deflocculant hamwe n’amazi akwiye byongeweho kugirango hategurwe ibintu bihamye byamazi ya flucc kugirango hamenyekane ibintu byoroshye bya flux.
2.1.2 Koresha uburyo bwo kumisha
Ibikorwa nyamukuru byo kugenzura ibikorwa byo kumisha spray ni: a). Ubushyuhe bwo gusohoka bwumye. Muri rusange bigenzurwa kuri 110 ℃ .b). Diameter y'imbere ya nozzle. Koresha 0.16mm cyangwa 0. 8mm isahani ya orifice. c), Itandukaniro ryumuvuduko ukabije wa Cyclone, kugenzura kuri 220Pa.
2.1.3 Kugenzura imikorere yifu nyuma yo kumisha
Kugena ubushuhe bigomba gukorwa hakurikijwe uburyo busanzwe bwo kumenya ububobere bwa ceramic.Igicemorphologie nubunini bwibice byagaragaye na microscope. Amazi nubucucike bwinshi bwifu bipimwa hakurikijwe ibipimo ngenderwaho bya ASTM byubushakashatsi bwamazi nubucucike bwinshi bwifu yifu. Uburyo ni: muburyo bwo kutanyeganyega, ifu ya 50g (yuzuye kugeza kuri 0. 01g) inyura mu ijosi ryikirahure cyikirahure gifite umurambararo wa 6mm nuburebure bwa 3mm kugirango itwarwe neza; Mugihe nta kunyeganyega, ifu inyura mumurongo umwe wikirahure ikagwa mubintu bingana na 25mm hejuru yikirahure kimwe. Ubucucike butanyeganyega ni ubwinshi bwo gupakira.
3.1.1 Gutegura ibicucu
Ukoresheje spray yumisha granulation inzira, gutegura ibishishwa nurufunguzo rwingenzi. Ibirimo bikomeye, ubwiza nubwinshi bwibyondo bizagira ingaruka kumasoko nubunini bwa poro yumye.
Kubera ko ifu yubwoko bwa farumasi ya alumina ari ingumba, ni ngombwa kongeramo urugero rukwiye rwa binder kugirango tunoze imikorere yubusa. Ibintu bisanzwe bikoreshwa nka dextrin, inzoga za polyvinyl, carboxymethylcellulose, polystirene, nibindi. bigira ingaruka cyane kumiterere yifu yumye.
Inzoga ya polyvinyl ifite ubwoko bwinshi butandukanye, dogere zitandukanye za hydrolysis hamwe na polymerisation, bizagira ingaruka kumyuka ya spray. Impamyabumenyi rusange ya hydrolysis hamwe na polymerisiyasi bizagira ingaruka kumikorere ya spray. Igipimo cyacyo mubisanzwe ni 014 - 015wt% .Kongeramo byinshi bizatera ifu ya spray granulation gukora uduce twinshi twa poro yumye kugirango irinde ibice guhinduka mugihe cyo gukanda.Niba ibiranga ibice bidashobora kuvaho mugihe cyo gukanda, izo nenge zizabikwa mumubiri wicyatsi kandi ntizishobora kuvaho nyuma yo kurasa, bizagira ingaruka kumiterere yibicuruzwa byanyuma. Binder yongeyeho imbaraga nke zicyatsi bizongera igihombo cyibikorwa. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko iyo hiyongereyeho urugero rukwiye rwa binder, igice cyicyatsi kibisi kigaragara munsi ya microscope. Birashobora kugaragara ko iyo umuvuduko wiyongereye uva kuri 3Mpa ukagera kuri 6Mpa, igice cyiyongera neza, kandi hariho umubare muto wibice bya serefike. Iyo umuvuduko ari 9Mpa, igice kiroroshye, kandi mubusanzwe ntagace kaba gafite serefegitura, ariko umuvuduko mwinshi uzaganisha kumurongo wicyatsi kibisi.PVA ifungura nka 200 ℃
Tangira gutwika, hanyuma unyure hafi ya 360 ℃ .Mu rwego rwo gushonga bingo kama no guhanagura ibice bya bilet, gukora imiyoboro ihuza amazi hagati yuduce, kunoza plastike ya bilet, kugabanya ubwumvikane buke hagati y’ibice no kubumba, guteza imbere ubwinshi bwikigereranyo cya bilet ikanda hamwe na homogenisation ikwirakwizwa rya plasitike, bisanzwe bikoreshwa na acide ya plasitike, nibindi bikoreshwa na aside aside,
Kuberako binder ari polymer organique ya macromolecular, uburyo bwo kongeramo binder mumashanyarazi nabwo ni ingenzi cyane.Ni byiza ko wongeramo igitereko cyateguwe mucyondo kimwe hamwe nibintu bikenewe bisabwa.Muri ubu buryo, ibintu kama bidakemuwe kandi bidashidikanywaho birashobora kwirindwa kugirango binjizwe mumashanyarazi, kandi inenge zishoboka nyuma yo kurasa zirashobora kugabanuka. Umwuka uzingiye mu gitonyanga uri mu ifu yumye, ituma ibice byumye biba ubusa kandi bikagabanya ubwinshi bwijwi. Kugirango ukemure iki kibazo, abatesha agaciro barashobora kongerwamo.
Bitewe nubukungu nubuhanga bukenewe, harakenewe ibintu byinshi bikomeye.Nkuko ubushobozi bwumusaruro wumye bwerekeza kumazi yo guhumeka kumasaha, ibishishwa birimo ibintu byinshi bizamura cyane ifu yumye. Iyo ibintu bikomeye byiyongereye kuva kuri 50% bikagera kuri 75%, umusaruro wumye uziyongera inshuro ebyiri.
Ibirimo bike ni impamvu nyamukuru yo gushiraho uduce duto.Mu gihe cyo gukama, amazi yimukira hejuru yigitonyanga kandi agatwara ibice bikomeye, bigatuma igice cyimbere cyigitonyanga; niba firime ya elastike yoroheje ikozwe hafi yigitonyanga, kubera umuvuduko muke wo guhumeka, ubushyuhe bwigitonyanga bwiyongera, kandi amazi akagenda ava mubice byimbere, bigatuma igitonyanga kibyimba.Mu bihe byombi, imiterere yumupira wibice byangiritse bizasenywa, kandi hazakorwa ibibyimba byumwaka cyangwa pome bifite ishusho ya puwaro bishobora kugabanuka hamwe nubunini bwinshi bwifu yifu.
Mugihe gito cyo kumisha, kugabanya uburyo bwo kumisha birashobora kugabanya ubwinshi bwimiti yimuriwe hejuru yubutaka hamwe namazi, kugirango wirinde ko kwibumbira hamwe kwinshi hejuru yikigero kinini kuruta ikigo, kuburyo ibice bifite ubuso bukomeye, kandi ibice ntibishobora guhinduka no kumeneka mugihe cyo gukanda no gukora, kugirango bigabanye ubwinshi bwumubiri wa bilet. Kubwibyo, kugirango ubone ifu yumye yujuje ubuziranenge, ibintu bikomeye bya slurry bigomba kwiyongera.
Ibishishwa bikoreshwa mugukama spray bigomba kugira amazi ahagije hamwe nubushuhe buke bushoboka.Niba ubwiza bwikigina bwagabanutse mugutangiza amazi menshi, ntabwo ingufu zikoreshwa mukumisha ziyongera gusa, ariko kandi nubucucike bwibicuruzwa buragabanuka.Niyo mpamvu rero, birakenewe kugabanya ubukana bwibishishwa hifashishijwe ibice bya coagulant. inyigisho yo gutuza kwa colloidal yerekana ko hari imbaraga ebyiri zikora ku bice byo guhagarika: imbaraga za der der Waals (imbaraga za Coulomb) nimbaraga zo kwanga amashanyarazi. Niba imbaraga ari cyane cyane uburemere, agglomeration na flocculation bizabaho.Imbaraga zose zishoboka (VT) zikorana hagati yingingo zifitanye isano nintera yazo, mugihe VT mugihe runaka ari igiteranyo cyingufu za rukuruzi VA nimbaraga za VR. by'amashanyarazi abiri
Kuberako amazi ashingiye kumazi ya 95 ya alumina ceramic ifu itagira aho ibogamiye na alkalescent, coagulants nyinshi zifite ingaruka nziza zo kugabanya izindi ceramic ceramic zitakaza imikorere yazo.Nuko rero, biragoye cyane gutegura ibishishwa birimo ibintu byinshi kandi bitemba neza.Ibice bya alumina bitagira ingano, bigizwe na aside itandukanye ya aside amphoteric, ifite aside itandukanye. n'imiterere. PH agaciro ka slurry izagira ingaruka kuburyo butaziguye kurwego rwo gutandukana na adsorption, bikavamo guhinduka ζ ubushobozi hamwe na flocculation cyangwa gutandukana;
Alumina slurry ifite agaciro ntarengwa keza kandi keza ζ ubushobozi muri acide cyangwa alkaline medium.Muri iki gihe, ibishishwa bya slurry biri mu giciro cyo hasi cya leta ya de coagulation, mugihe iyo ibishishwa biri mubihe bidafite aho bibogamiye, ububobere bwayo bwiyongera, hamwe na flokculasiyo bibaho. agaciro ka viscosity hafi yamazi. Amazi y'amazi apimwa na viscometero yoroshye ni amasegonda 3/100 ml, naho amazi ya slurry ni amasegonda 4/100 ml. ubwiza bwikigina buragabanuka, kugirango ibintu bikomeye biri muri ruhago bishobora kwiyongera kugera kuri 60%, kandi hashobora gushirwaho ipaki ihamye.Nkuko ubushobozi bwumusaruro wumye bwerekeza kubyuka byamazi kumasaha, bityo guhagarikwa.
3.1.2 Kugenzura ibipimo byingenzi mugikorwa cyo kumisha spray
Uburyo bwo gutembera kwumwuka muminara yumisha bigira ingaruka kumwanya wo gukama, igihe cyo kugumana, amazi asigara hamwe ninkuta zifatanije nigitonyanga.Muri ubu bushakashatsi, uburyo bwo kuvanga umwuka wigitonyanga kivanze nuruvange, ni ukuvuga ko gaze ishyushye yinjira muminara yumisha kuva hejuru, kandi nozle ya atomizing ishyirwa munsi yumunara wumye, kandi igitonyanga kikaba gitemba, kandi igitonyanga kikaba gitemba, ya stroke, ihinduka imigezi itemba hanyuma igatera mumiterere ya conical.Nkuko igitonyanga nikimara kwinjira muminara yumye, bizahita bigera kumuvuduko mwinshi wumye kandi byinjire muburyo bwumye bwumye. Uburebure bwumuvuduko uhoraho wumuvuduko biterwa nubushuhe bwibitonyanga, ubwiza bwibyondo, ubushyuhe nubushuhe bwumuyaga wumye. Imipaka C kuva kumurongo uhoraho wumye kugeza icyiciro cyumye byitwa ingingo ikomeye. Muri iki gihe, ubuso bwibitonyanga ntibushobora gukomeza kugumya kwuzura kwimuka ryamazi, Hamwe nigabanuka ryikigereranyo cyuka, ubushyuhe bwibitonyanga bwiyongera, kandi hejuru yigitonyanga kuri point D iruzuye, ikora urwego rwigikonoshwa gikomeye. Umwuka ujya imbere, kandi igipimo cyo gukama gikomeje kugabanuka. Kurandura burundu amazi bifitanye isano nubushuhe bwamazi yikigina gikomeye.Nuko rero, birakenewe kugenzura ibipimo bifatika.
Ubushuhe bwifu ya poro yumye bugenwa cyane nubushyuhe bwo gusohoka bwumuti wa spray.Ibihe byubushuhe bigira ingaruka kumubyimba mwinshi no gutembera kwifu yumye, kandi bikagena ubwiza bwikanda ryuzuye.PVA yunvikana nubushuhe. Mubihe bitandukanye byubushuhe, urugero rumwe rwa PVA rushobora gutera ubukana butandukanye bwurwego rwubutaka bwifu ya poro yumye, bigatuma igenamigambi ryumuvuduko uhindagurika hamwe nubwiza bwumusaruro udahungabana mugihe cyo gukanda. Kubwibyo, ubushyuhe bwo gusohoka bugomba kugenzurwa cyane kugirango habeho ubuhehere bwifu yifu. Mubisanzwe, ubushyuhe bwo gusohoka bugomba kugenzurwa kuri 110 and, nubushyuhe bwinjira bugomba guhinduka bikurikije.Ubushyuhe bwinjira ntabwo burenga 400 ℃, mubusanzwe bugenzurwa nka 380 ℃ .Niba ubushyuhe bwinjira ari hejuru cyane, ubushyuhe bwikirere bushyushye hejuru yumunara buzashyuha. Iyo ibitonyanga bitonyanga bizamutse bigera ahirengeye kandi bihura numwuka ushushe, kuberako ifu ya ceramic irimo binder, ingaruka za binder zizagabanuka, hanyuma amaherezo imikorere yingutu yifu yumye izagira ingaruka. Icya kabiri, niba ubushyuhe bwinjira bwinjira hejuru cyane, ubuzima bwumurimo wa hoteri nabwo buzagira ingaruka, kandi uruhu rushyushye ruzagabanuka kandi rwinjire mumashanyarazi yumye hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro. kugenwa, ubushyuhe bwo gusohoka burashobora kandi guhindurwa numuvuduko wa pompe yibiryo, itandukaniro ryumuvuduko utandukanya inkubi y'umuyaga, ibintu bikomeye bya slurry nibindi bintu.
Itandukaniro ryumuvuduko utandukanya cyclone.Itandukaniro ryumuvuduko utandukanya inkubi y'umuyaga ni nini, izamura ubushyuhe bwo gusohoka, yongere ikusanyirizo ry'uduce duto kandi igabanye umusaruro wumye.
3.1.3 Ibyiza bya spray yumye
Ubwinshi bwamazi nububiko bwa pome ya alumina ceramic yateguwe nuburyo bwo kumisha spray muri rusange nibyiza kuruta ibyateguwe nuburyo busanzwe. Ifu ya granulation yintoki ntishobora gutembera mubikoresho byabigenewe bitanyeganyega, kandi ifu ya granulation spray irashobora kubikora rwose. Hifashishijwe ibipimo ngenderwaho bya ASTM byo gupima ifu yifu yubucucike nubucucike bwinshi, Hapimwe ubwinshi nubwinshi bwibice byabonetse mugukama spray mugihe ibintu bitandukanye byamazi byapimwe. Reba Imbonerahamwe 1.
Imbonerahamwe ya 1 irekuye kandi itemba ya spray yumye
Imbonerahamwe 1 Ubwinshi bwifu nigipimo cy umuvuduko
| Ibirungo (%) | 1.0 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 4.0 |
| Ubucucike bwo gukomera (g / cm3) | 1.15 | 1.14 | 1.16 | 1.18 | 1.15 |
| Amazi | 5.3 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 4.5 |
Ubushuhe bwamazi ya spray yumye muri rusange bigenzurwa kuri 1 - 3%. Muri iki gihe, amazi ya poro ni meza, ashobora kuzuza ibisabwa byo gukanda.
DG1 nubucucike bwifu ya granulation yakozwe nintoki, naho DG2 nubucucike bwifu ya granulation.
Ifu isunikwa n'intoki itegurwa no gusya umupira, kumisha, gushungura no guhunika.
Imbonerahamwe 2 ubwinshi bwifu yifu ikozwe na granulation yintoki na spray granulation
Imbonerahamwe 2 Ubucucike bwumubiri wicyatsi
| Umuvuduko (MPA) | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 |
| DG1 (g / cm3) | 2.32 | 2.32 | 2.32 | 2.33 | 2.36 | 2.4 |
| DG2 (g / cm3) | 2.36 | 2.46 | 2.53 | 2.56 | 2.59 | 2.59 |
Ingano yubunini na morphologie yifu byarebwaga na microscope.Birashobora kugaragara ko ibice byingenzi ari serefegitura ikomeye, bifite intera isobanutse nubuso bworoshye. Ibice bimwe bifite pome, puwaro cyangwa ikiraro, bingana na 3% byuzuye. Ingano yubunini bwagabanijwe nuburyo bukurikira: ingano ntarengwa ni 200 μ m (<1%), ingano ntoya ni 20 μ m (umuntu ku giti cye), ibice byinshi bigera kuri 100 μ m (50%), naho ibice byinshi bingana na 50 μ m (20%).3.
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(2) kugenzura neza ibipimo byo kumisha spray birashobora kubona ifu yumye.
. Ubucucike bwacyo butareshya na 1. 1g / cm3n'ubucucike bwa sinteri ni 3170g / cm3.
